Discover everything about Mpox, the emerging global health concern, including its symptoms, transmission, treatment options, and vaccine availability. Stay informed and protected.
Table of Contents
What is Mpox?
Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a rare viral disease that primarily occurs in remote parts of Central and West Africa. The disease is caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, the same genus that includes the smallpox virus. Although Mpox is similar to smallpox, it is generally less severe and less contagious.
History and Naming
Mpox was first identified in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. Hence, the name “monkeypox” was coined. The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Since then, Mpox has been reported in several African countries, with occasional outbreaks in other regions, often linked to international travel or the importation of animals.
In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a name change from “monkeypox” to “Mpox” to avoid stigma and discrimination associated with the original name.
Symptoms of Mpox
The symptoms of Mpox usually appear within 5 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. The disease typically begins with a combination of the following symptoms:
- Fever: One of the first symptoms, often high.
- Headache: Severe headaches are common.
- Muscle Aches: Myalgia, or muscle pain, particularly in the back.
- Swollen Lymph Nodes: Lymphadenopathy, or swelling of lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits, and groin, is a distinctive feature that helps differentiate Mpox from other similar diseases, such as smallpox.
- Chills: Sudden feelings of coldness.
- Fatigue: Extreme tiredness or exhaustion.
After 1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) following the onset of fever, a rash develops. The rash typically starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The progression of the rash is as follows:
- Macules: Flat, red spots.
- Papules: Raised bumps.
- Vesicles: Fluid-filled blisters.
- Pustules: Pus-filled blisters.
- Scabs: The lesions eventually crust over and fall off.
The entire illness typically lasts 2 to 4 weeks, with the rash being the most prominent symptom. In severe cases, lesions can coalesce, leading to large areas of skin sloughing off, which can lead to secondary infections or other complications.
Transmission of Mpox
Mpox can be transmitted to humans through close contact with an infected animal, human, or contaminated materials. The virus can enter the body through broken skin, the respiratory tract, or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth). Common routes of transmission include:
- Animal-to-Human: Direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. This can occur through bites or scratches, handling of infected animals, or consumption of undercooked meat from infected animals.
- Human-to-Human: Close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person, or recently contaminated objects. Transmission through respiratory droplets usually requires prolonged face-to-face contact.
- Mother-to-Fetus: Vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta can result in congenital Mpox.
The virus is not easily spread between people, and the risk of infection is generally low unless there is direct contact with an infected individual.
Related Article: How is Mpox Transmitted? Everything You Need to Know About Transmission, Prevention, and Risk Factors.
Diagnosis of Mpox
Diagnosis of Mpox is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, patient history (including possible exposure to infected animals or individuals), and laboratory tests. The following methods are commonly used:
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is the most reliable method for diagnosing Mpox. It involves testing samples from skin lesions (fluid from vesicles and pustules, dry crusts) for the presence of the Mpox virus’s DNA.
- Serology: Blood tests can detect antibodies against the Mpox virus, although cross-reactivity with other Orthopoxviruses (like smallpox) can sometimes occur.
- Electron Microscopy: Examination of lesion samples under an electron microscope can reveal characteristic poxvirus particles.
Related Article: What Should I Do If I Suspect a Monkeypox (Mpox) Infection?
Treatment of Mpox
There is no specific treatment for Mpox. The management of the disease is mainly supportive and involves treating the symptoms and complications. The following supportive care measures are often recommended:
- Symptom Relief: Antipyretics and analgesics can help manage fever and pain. Antihistamines may be used to alleviate itching.
- Hydration: Maintaining adequate hydration is crucial, especially if the patient has difficulty eating or drinking due to oral lesions.
- Antibiotics: Secondary bacterial infections of the skin lesions may require antibiotics.
- Antiviral Agents: Tecovirimat (TPOXX), an antiviral medication approved for smallpox, has shown promise in treating Mpox in some cases, although more studies are needed to confirm its efficacy.
- Isolation: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent the spread of the virus to others.
Is There a Vaccine for Mpox?
Yes, vaccines are available for Mpox, though they are primarily used for high-risk populations. The smallpox vaccine, which contains a live, attenuated vaccinia virus, provides cross-protection against Mpox due to the close relationship between the two viruses. The following vaccines are relevant:
- ACAM2000: This is a second-generation smallpox vaccine that has been used for Mpox prevention. However, it has some side effects and is not recommended for people with weakened immune systems.
- JYNNEOS (Imvamune/Imvanex): This is a third-generation, non-replicating vaccine that has been approved for preventing both smallpox and Mpox. It is safer than ACAM2000 and is recommended for people at high risk of exposure to the Mpox virus, such as healthcare workers or laboratory personnel.
Vaccination after exposure (post-exposure prophylaxis) may reduce the severity of the disease if administered within 4 days of exposure.
Related Article: Is There a Cure for Mpox? Understanding Treatment and Management Options
Preventive Measures
To reduce the risk of Mpox infection, the following preventive measures are recommended:
- Avoid Contact with Wild Animals: Avoid direct contact with animals that could harbor the virus, particularly in regions where Mpox is endemic.
- Cook Meat Thoroughly: Properly cook all animal products (meat, blood, etc.) before consumption.
- Practice Good Hygiene: Regular hand washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer can reduce the risk of infection.
- Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Healthcare workers and others who may come into contact with infected individuals should use appropriate PPE, including gloves, masks, and gowns.
- Vaccination: Consider vaccination if you are in a high-risk group or traveling to an area with an ongoing outbreak.
Global Response and Outlook
The global response to Mpox has included surveillance, research, and public health interventions. Efforts are ongoing to better understand the disease, develop effective treatments, and improve vaccination strategies.
While Mpox remains a rare disease, increased global travel and the potential for animal-to-human transmission underscore the need for vigilance. Public health authorities continue to monitor the situation and issue guidelines to prevent outbreaks.
Related Article: WHO Declares Mpox a Global Public Health Emergency Amid Rapid Spread of New Strain
Conclusion
Mpox, while rare, is a serious disease that requires attention, particularly in regions where the virus is endemic. Understanding the symptoms, modes of transmission, and available treatments is essential for managing and preventing the disease. With continued research and public health efforts, the impact of Mpox can be minimized, ensuring better health outcomes for those at risk.